Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

Autophagy is a versatile degradation system for maintaining cellular homeostasis whereby
cytosolic materials are sequestered in a double-membrane autophagosome and …

Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf
a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or …

Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components
sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of …

Summary ATG9A and ATG2A are essential core members of the autophagy machinery.
ATG9A is a lipid scramblase that allows equilibration of lipids across a membrane bilayer …

Autophagy causes the breakdown of damaged proteins and organelles to their constituent
components. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway played an important role in …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which occupies a large portion of the cytoplasm, is the
cell's main site for the biosynthesis of lipids and carbohydrate conjugates, and it is essential …

ABSTRACT Macroautophagy (hereafter “autophagy”) is a membrane-mediated biological
process that involves engulfing and delivering cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for …

Autophagosome biogenesis involves de novo formation of a membrane that elongates to
sequester cytoplasmic cargo and closes to form a double-membrane vesicle (an …

Autophagosome biogenesis is a dynamic membrane event, which is executed by the
sequential function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Upon autophagy induction, a cup …