Low back pain (LBP), a prevalent and costly disease around the world, is predominantly
caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). LBP also presents a substantial …

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins capable of recognizing molecules
frequently found in pathogens (the so-called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns …

IL-1β production is critically regulated by cytosolic molecular complexes, termed
inflammasomes. Different inflammasome complexes have been described to date. While all …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that
play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR …

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that activate caspase-1, which leads to
maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and the …

Inflammasome activation leads to caspase-1 activation, which causes the maturation and
secretion of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 among other substrates. A subgroup of the NLR …

NF-κB was first discovered and characterized 25 years ago as a key regulator of inducible
gene expression in the immune system. Thus, it is not surprising that the clearest biological …

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is known to have a crucial role in adaptive immune receptor
signalling. However, recent reports indicate that SYK also mediates other, unexpectedly …

Inflammasomes are molecular platforms activated upon cellular infection or stress that
trigger the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β to engage innate …

Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing
microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune …