Safeguarding biodiversity and human well-being depends on sustaining ecosystems. Two
global standards for quantifying ecosystem change, the International Union for Conservation …

Whereas preventing species extinctions remains a central objective of conservation efforts, it
must be complemented by the long-term preservation of functional ecosystems and of the …

The current global food system is unsustainable. The depletion of natural resources and
increased environmental emissions, climate change, biodiversity loss and increasing …

Intact native forests under negligible large-scale human pressures (ie high-integrity forests)
are critical for biodiversity conservation. However, high-integrity forests are declining …

Countries have committed to conserving and restoring ecosystems after signing the
Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems …

Protected and conserved areas (PCAs) are key ecosystem management tools for conserving
biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services and social cobenefits. As countries adopt a …

Ecosystem risk assessments estimate the likelihood of major transformations (ecosystem
collapse) over a specified time frame. They require an understanding of the biotic and …

Wetlands face global threats with estimates suggesting a loss ranging from 21% to 85% of
their original extent. Africa's wetlands, covering about 4.4% of the continent, provide crucial …

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) is the most ambitious
agreement on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use to date. It calls for a whole-of …

1 IUCN (2021b). Sustainable Agriculture and Land Health Initiative [Conservation Tool].
Initiation Note 28/04/2021 Agriculture is an essential human activity. It provides the food …