The stringent response is a stress signalling system mediated by the alarmones guanosine
tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) in response to nutrient …

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an essential and universally distributed family of
enzymes that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, pairing tRNAs with their cognate …

The stringent response to nutrient deprivation is a stress response found throughout the
bacterial domain of life. Although first described in proteobacteria for matching ribosome …

Bacteria use dedicated mechanisms to respond adequately to fluctuating environments and
to optimize their chances of survival in harsh conditions. One of the major stress responses …

Many cellular activities in bacteria are organized according to their growth rate. The notion
that ppGpp measures the cell's growth rate is well accepted in the field of bacterial …

The alarmone (p) ppGpp plays pivotal roles in basic bacterial stress responses by
increasing tolerance of various nutritional limitations and chemical insults, including …

Stringent response is a conserved bacterial stress response underlying virulence and
antibiotic resistance. RelA/SpoT-homolog proteins synthesize transcriptional modulators (p) …

Many bacteria exist in a state of metabolic quiescence where energy consumption must be
minimized so as to maximize available resources over a potentially extended period of time …

Under stressful growth conditions and nutrient starvation, bacteria adapt by synthesizing
signaling molecules that profoundly reprogram cellular physiology. At the onset of this …

Summary RelA/SpoT homologs (RSHs) are ubiquitous bacterial enzymes that synthesize
and hydrolyze (p) ppGpp in response to environmental challenges. Bacteria cannot survive …