Pain is an essential part of everyday life. It is necessary and helpful for the individual and the
species to survive in a potentially hostile environment. 1 In this sense, pain is adaptive. In …

Because of the greater simplicity of standing procedural sedation combined with
locoregional anesthesia compared with a full general anesthetic, many surgical procedures …

Regional anesthesia of the equine head is commonly performed to allow oral extraction of
diseased teeth in the standing horse. The use of 4 blocks (infraorbital nerve, maxillary nerve …

Understanding the clinical anatomy of the head is essential for performing proper inferior
alveolar nerve (IAN) block anesthesia to facilitate invasive dental procedures in camels …

Background Diseased cheek teeth in horses often require invasive extraction techniques
that carry a high rate of complications. Techniques and instrumentation were developed to …

Regional nerve blocks are necessary to facilitate equine oral surgery in the standing
sedated patient. Step-by-step instruction on how to perform common regional nerve blocks …

Early Evolution of the Horse The precursor of the horse was a small rabbit-sized animal
called Hyracotherium, meaning “rabbit-like animal”(also known as The Dawn Horse or …

A variety of local and regional anesthetic techniques may be used to provide anesthesia and
analgesia for surgical procedures in equine patients. Unlike many species, local anesthetic …

Ultrasound-guided injections can be used for a wide variety of conditions in the horse,
including both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Benefits of ultrasound guidance …

Perineural nerve blocks are often used in equine practice, especially since the use of
diagnostic and surgical procedures in the standing sedated horse have expanded over …