To prevail in the interaction with eukaryotic hosts, many bacterial pathogens use protein
secretion systems to release virulence factors at the host–pathogen interface and/or deliver …

The main localization of nucleolin is the nucleolus, but this protein is present in multiple
subcellular sites, and it is unconventionally secreted. On the cell surface, nucleolin acts as a …

Intracellular pathogens and other endosymbionts reprogram host cell transcription to
suppress immune responses and recalibrate biosynthetic pathways. This reprogramming is …

Inhibition of host cell apoptosis is crucial for survival and replication of several intracellular
bacterial pathogens. To interfere with apoptotic pathways, some pathogens use specialized …

Nucleomodulins are secreted bacterial proteins whose molecular targets are located in host
cell nuclei. They are gaining attention as critical virulence factors that either modify the …

Host cells undergo complex transcriptional reprogramming upon infection. Epigenetic
changes play a key role in the immune response to bacteria, among which DNA …

Orientia tsutsugamushi is the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, the deadliest of all diseases
caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. Nucleomodulins, bacterial effectors that …

Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases in humans. The
susceptibility to periodontitis is largely determined by the host response, and the severity of …

Pathogens need to manipulate plant functions to facilitate the invasion of their hosts. They
do this by secreting a cocktail of molecules called effectors. Studies of these molecules have …

Legionella pneumophila is defined as a bacterium that can cause severe pneumonia. It is
found in the natural environment and in water, and is often found in water tanks. It can be an …