Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

The use of animal models for behavioral and pharmaceutical testing is employed in many
different fields of research but often relies solely on male animals. When females are …

The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been
validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by sex differences in their prevalence,
symptomatology and treatment response. Animal models have been widely employed for …

As well as being considered a reliable measurement instrument of animal anxiety-like
behavior, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) is also used as a post-hoc test to evaluate …

Puberty and adolescence are major life transitions during which an individual's physiology
and behavior changes from that of a juvenile to that of an adult. Here we review studies …

Sex differences are found across brain regions, behaviors, and brain diseases. Sexual
differentiation of the brain is initiated prenatally but it continues throughout life, as a result of …

Empathy is a phenomenon often considered dependent on higher-order emotional control
and an ability to relate to the emotional state of others. It is, by many, attributed only to …