Chlamydia spp. are important causes of human disease for which no effective vaccine
exists. These obligate intracellular pathogens replicate in a specialized membrane …

The second messenger molecule cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is formed by many bacteria and
archaea. In many species that produce c-di-AMP, this second messenger is essential for …

The presence of foreign DNA in the cytosol of mammalian cells elicits a potent antiviral
interferon response. Recently, cytosolic DNA was proposed to induce the synthesis of cyclic …

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a cytosolic receptor that senses both exogenous
and endogenous cytosolic cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), activating TBK1/IRF3 (interferon …

Innate immune activation by macrophages is an essential part of host defence against
infection. Cytosolic recognition of microbial DNA in macrophages leads to induction of …

Multiple parallel hits, including genetic differences, insulin resistance and intestinal
microbiota, account for the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Multiple hits …

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are agonists of stimulator of IFN genes (STING) and have
potential as vaccine adjuvants. However, cyclic di-GMP (cdGMP) injected sc shows minimal …

Detection of foreign nucleic acids is an important strategy for innate immune recognition of
pathogens. In vertebrates, pathogen-derived DNA is sensed in the cytosol by cGAS, which …

Nucleotide signalling molecules contribute to the regulation of cellular pathways in all forms
of life. In recent years, the discovery of new signalling molecules in bacteria and archaea, as …

STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes) has recently been identified as being essential for
controlling host defense countermeasures triggered by microbial cytosolic DNA and …