Two-component systems (TCS) comprising sensor histidine kinases and response regulator
proteins are among the most important players in bacterial and archaeal signal transduction …

▪ Abstract Most prokaryotic signal-transduction systems and a few eukaryotic pathways use
phosphotransfer schemes involving two conserved components, a histidine protein kinase …

As sessile organisms, plants encounter a variety of environmental stresses and must
optimize their growth for survival. Abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinin antagonistically regulate …

Some bacteria have the remarkable capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia under
ambient conditions, a reaction only mimicked on an industrial scale by a chemical process …

Two-component signal transduction based on phosphotransfer from a histidine protein
kinase to a response regulator protein is a prevalent strategy for coupling environmental …

Phosphotransfer-mediated signaling pathways allow cells to sense and respond to
environmental stimuli. Autophosphorylating histidine protein kinases provide phosphoryl …

Posttranslational modification by phosphorylation is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism in
both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Intracellular phosphorylation by protein kinases, triggered …

Recent discoveries suggest that a novel second messenger, bis-(3′→ 5′)-cyclic di-GMP
(c-diGMP), is extensively used by bacteria to control multicellular behavior. Condensation of …

The sensor kinase GacS and the response regulator GacA are members of a two-
component system that is present in a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria and has been …

Signal transduction proteins are organized into sensor (input) domains that perceive a
signal and, in response, regulate the biological activity of effector (output) domains. We …