Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease with a high
personal and societal burden. Exposure to toxic particles and gases, including cigarette …

The hypothesis that the small conducting airways were the major site of obstruction to airflow
in normal lungs was introduced by Rohrer in 1915 and prevailed until Weibel introduced a …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated
with abnormal inflammatory immune responses of the lung to noxious particles and gases …

This review is an account of how pulmonary damage caused by cigarette smoke and other
environmental toxins can incite inflammatory and immunologic reactions that culminate in …

The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the innate
and adaptive inflammatory immune response to the inhalation of toxic particles and gases …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality
that is characterised by inexorable deterioration of small airways obstruction with …

The immunopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the
innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses to the chronic inhalation of cigarette …

Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key
roles in the development and progression of COPD. Recent data provide evidence for a role …

The mechanisms involved in the genesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
are poorly defined. This area is complicated and difficult to model because COPD consists of …

After more than two decades of research into phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors,
roflumilast (3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3, 5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide) …