The enteric nervous system is largely autonomous, and the central nervous system is
compartmentalized behind the blood-brain barrier. Yet the intestinal microbiota shapes gut …

The human gut microbiota influences obesity, insulin resistance, and the subsequent
development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The gut microbiota digests and ferments nutrients …

Real-time, high resolution, simultaneous measurement of multiple ionic species is
challenging with existing chromatographic, spectrophotometric and potentiometric …

Analyzing electrolytes in urine, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite, has
significant diagnostic value in detecting various conditions, such as kidney disorder, urinary …

The natural evolution of consciousness in different animal species mandates that conscious
experiences are causally potent in order to confer any advantage in the struggle for survival …

Urine is an organic fluid produced by the kidney, and its analysis is one of the most
requested laboratory tests by clinicians. The ionic composition of urine has been shown to …

Recent studies have implicated the ethanol metabolite, acetic acid, as neuroactive, perhaps
even more so than ethanol itself. In this study, we investigated sex-specific metabolism of …

Conducting polymers display a range of interesting properties, from electrical conduction to
tunable optical absorption and mechanical flexibility, to name but a few. Their properties …

The homeostatic control of Sodium (Na+) ion in the human body assumes paramount
relevance owing to its physiological importance. Any deviation from the normal level causes …

Water pollution is one of the most challenging environmental issues. A powerful tool for
measuring the suitability of water for drinking is required. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is a …