We provide a comprehensive review of major developments in our understanding of gamma-
ray bursts, with particular focus on the discoveries made within the last fifteen years when …

Gamma-ray bursts (GRB's), short and intense pulses of low-energy γ rays, have fascinated
astronomers and astrophysicists since their unexpected discovery in the late sixties. During …

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powerful cosmic explosions, signaling the
death of massive stars. Among them, GRB 221009A is by far the brightest burst ever …

The formation of the first stars and quasars marks the transformation of the universe from its
smooth initial state to its clumpy current state. In popular cosmological models, the first …

Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the Universe, and their origin and
mechanism are the focus of intense research and debate. More than three decades after …

Gamma-ray burst afterglows are well described by synchrotron emission from relativistic
blast waves expanding into an external medium. The blast wave is believed to amplify the …

Collisionless shocks, that is shocks mediated by electromagnetic processes, are customary
in space physics and in astrophysics. They are to be found in a great variety of objects and …

We show that the relativistic two-stream instability can naturally generate strong magnetic
fields with 10-5–10-1 of the equipartition energy density, in the collisionless shocks of …

The energy requirements of gamma-ray bursts have in past been poorly constrained
because of three major uncertainties: the distances to bursts, the degree of burst beaming …

The cosmological gamma-ray burst (GRB) phenomenon is reviewed. The broad
observational facts and empirical phenomenological relations of the GRB prompt emission …