Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of
Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Epilepsy is a neurologicaldisorder characterized by persistent predisposition to recurrent
seizurescaused by abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures maydevelop …

Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

We reflect on our 2002 article and the impact this research report has had both within and
beyond psychological science. This article was both one of the first publications to provide …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

Significant evidence supports the view that dopamine shapes learning by encoding reward
prediction errors. However, it is unknown whether striatal targets receive tailored dopamine …

This review provides an introduction to two eyetracking measures that can be used to study
cognitive development and plasticity: pupil dilation and spontaneous blink rate. We begin by …

Effective motor performance is important for surviving and thriving, and skilled movement is
critical in many activities. Much theorizing over the past few decades has focused on how …