The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which is responsible for COVID-19 disease, was first
reported in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019. The virus rapidly spread, and the World …

Thoracic aortic diseases that involve progressive enlargement, acute dissection, or rupture
are influenced by the hemodynamic loads and mechanical properties of the wall. We have …

Remodeling of large and small arteries contributes to the development and complications of
hypertension. The focus of this review is some of the mechanisms involved in the …

Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), is a renal
growth factor, inducing hyperplasia/hypertrophy depending on the cell type. This vasoactive …

Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components such as
collagen in tissues or organs. Fibrosis can develop in the heart, kidneys, liver, skin or any …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has long been described in the field of cardiovascular
physiology as the main player in blood pressure homeostasis. However, other effects have …

The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) is frequently activated in patients with chronic liver
diseases. Angiotensin‐II (AT‐II) has been suggested to play an important role in liver …

The vascular hallmark of subjects with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis is
increased aortic stiffness, a phenomenon independent of mean arterial blood pressure, wall …

Background—Angiotensin II (Ang II) participates in vascular fibrosis. Transforming growth
factor-β (TGF-β) is considered the most important fibrotic factor, and Smad proteins are …

The manifestations of diabetic nephropathy may be a consequence of the actions of certain
cytokines and growth factors. Prominent among these is transforming growth factor β (TGF …