Domestic chickens are members of an order, Aves, which has been the focus of a revolution
in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cognitive, and social complexity. At least some …

Studies on the ontogenetic origins of human knowledge provide evidence for a small set of
separable systems of core knowledge dealing with the representation of inanimate and …

Evidence has been reported for quantity discrimination in mammals and birds and, to a
lesser extent, fish and amphibians. For the latter species, however, whether quantity …

How and when did hominins move from the numerical cognition that we share with the rest
of the animal world to number symbols? Objects with sequential markings have been used …

Evidence is discussed about the use of geometric information for spatial orientation and the
association between space and numbers in non-human animals. A variety of vertebrate …

It is increasingly recognized that plants are highly sensitive organisms that perceive, assess,
learn, remember, resolve problems, make decisions and communicate with each other by …

It is well known that humans describe and think of numbers as being represented in a spatial
configuration, known as the 'mental number line'. The orientation of this representation …

The world's most numerous bird, the domestic chicken, and their wild ancestor, the red
junglefowl, have long been used as model species for animal behaviour research. Recently …

Non-verbal numerical behavior in human infants, human adults, and non-human primates
appears to be rooted in two distinct mechanisms: a precise system for tracking and …

We survey a variety of experimental paradigms for studying animal abilities to count, to
understand numerical information and to perform simple arithmetic operations. There is a …