Biologics—medications derived from a biological source—are increasingly used as
pharmaceuticals, for example, as vaccines. Biologics are usually produced in bacterial …

Nanotechnology is the creation, manipulation and use of materials at the nanometre size
scale (1 to 100 nm). At this size scale there are significant differences in many material …

Societal Impact Statement Therapeutic protein production in plants is an area of great
potential for increasing and improving the production of proteins for the treatment or …

This review provides an overview of recent developments in “chemical virology.” Viruses, as
materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and …

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated that Human
papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for 5% of all human cancers. Current HPV …

Over the last three decades, virus-like particles (VLPs) have evolved to become a widely
accepted technology, especially in the field of vaccinology. In fact, some VLP-based …

Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a new branch of plant biotechnology, where plants are
engineered to produce recombinant pharmaceutical and industrial proteins in large …

The use of plants for the production of virus‐like nanoparticles (VNPs) dates back to
separating natural empty capsids of plant viruses from whole virions nearly 70 years ago …

“Molecular farming” in plants with significant advantages in cost and safety is touted as a
promising platform for the production of complex pharmaceutical proteins. While whole-plant …

Genetic transformation has emerged as an important tool for the genetic improvement of
valuable plants by incorporating new genes with desirable traits. These strategies are useful …