Up to 84 000 tons of dye can be lost in water, and 90 million tons of water are attributed
annually to dye production and their application, mainly in the textile and leather industry …

Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-
products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7–13%) …

Biocatalysis is crucial for a green, sustainable, biobased economy, and this has driven major
advances in biotechnology and biocatalysis over the past 2 decades. There are numerous …

Global water pollution caused by dye and phenol contaminants has been reported to have
reached an alarming level. These hazardous contaminants pose significant threats to …

Microbial enzymes are of great importance in the development of industrial bioprocesses.
Current applications are focused on many different markets including pulp and paper …

Enzymes are protein molecules functioning as specialized catalysts for chemical reactions.
They have contributed greatly to the traditional and modern chemical industry by improving …

Many microorganisms produce potent biocatalysts as enzymes that vary in microbial
sources, chemical properties, and mechanisms. Usually, microbial enzymes catalyze the …

Lignocellulosic biomass is the earth's most abundant renewable feedstock alternative that
comprises of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The synergistic action of …

Industrial biotechnology and microbial metabolic engineering are poised to help meet the
growing demand for sustainable, low‐cost commodity chemicals and natural products, yet …

As photosynthetic organisms, microalgae can efficiently convert solar energy into biomass.
Microalgae are currently used as an important source of valuable natural biologically active …