The brain is a complex network that accounts for only 5% of human mass but consumes
20% of our energy. Uncovering the mysteries of the brain's functions in motion, memory …

Brain tissue metabolism is distributed across several cell types and subcellular
compartments, which activate at different times and with different temporal patterns. The …

Neuronal activity undergoes significant changes during vigilance states, accompanied by an
accommodation of energy demands. While the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle has shown …

The study of metabolism is undergoing a renaissance. Since the year 2002, over 50
genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFIs) have been introduced, capable of …

Neuroscientists have recognized the importance of astrocytes in regulating neurological
function and their influence on the release of glial transmitters. Few studies, however, have …

Alterations in neurometabolism and mitochondria are implicated in the pathophysiology of
psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders and schizophrenia. Thus, developing …

Background: Direct and real-time monitoring of lactate in the extracellular space can help
elucidate the metabolic and modulatory role of lactate in the brain. Compared to in vivo …

General anesthesia represents a common clinical intervention and yet can result in long-
term adverse CNS effects particularly in the elderly or dementia patients. Suppression of …

General anesthetics are a mainstay of modern medicine, and although much progress has
been made towards identifying molecular targets of anesthetics and neural networks …

Lactate in the brain is produced endogenously and exogenously. The primary functional
cells that produce lactate in the brain are astrocytes. Astrocytes release lactate to act on …