Outsourcing or privatising services in higher education is a common practice, but what do
we really know about it? Is outsourcing effective? It is imperative that these questions be …

The demonstration by Ivan Barnes et al. that the serpentinization of fresh Alpine-type
ultramafic rocks results in the exhalation of hot alkaline fluids is foundational to the …

The degeneracy of amino acid coding is one of the most crucial and enigmatic aspects of the
genetic code. Different theories about the origin of the genetic code have been developed …

The human mitochondrial (mt) DNA is commonly described as a small, maternally inherited
molecule that encodes 13 protein components of the oxidative phosphorylation system and …

Degeneracy is a salient feature of genetic codes, because there are more codons than
amino acids. The conventional table for genetic codes suffers from an inability of illustrating …

Circular codes, putative remnants of primeval comma-free codes, have gained considerable
attention in the last years. In fact they represent a second kind of genetic code potentially …

Polymerization sometimes transforms sequences by (a) systematic deletions of mono-,
dinucleotides after trinucleotides, or (b) 23 systematic nucleotide exchanges (9 symmetric …

A new codon property, codon directional asymmetry in nucleotide content (CDA), reveals a
biologically meaningful genetic code dimension: palindromic codons (first and last …

The circular code theory proposes that genes are constituted of two trinucleotide codes: the
classical genetic code with 61 trinucleotides for coding the 20 amino acids (except the three …

Genes include occasionally isolated codons with a fourth (and fifth) silent nucleotide (s).
Assuming tetracodons, translated hypothetical peptides align with regular GenBank …