Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

We review the growing evidence for a widespread inconsistency between the low strength of
predictable signals in climate models and the relatively high level of agreement they exhibit …

Until recently, long‐range forecast systems showed only modest levels of skill in predicting
surface winter climate around the Atlantic Basin and associated fluctuations in the North …

Whether during past climate stages or into a progressively warming world, changes in
precipitation constitute a key component of climatic change. Quantitative proxies for palaeo …

We present the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data
set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1 …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Over the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH), especially during the
cold season months (November-April), the most prominent and recurrent pattern of …

Abstract During El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, the atmospheric response to
sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific influences ocean …

Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe
back to 1500 show that the late 20th-and early 21st-century European climate is very likely …

Abstract The winter North Atlantic Oscillation is the primary mode of atmospheric variability
in the North Atlantic region and has a profound influence on European and North American …