The provision of model code is required for publication in CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems
Pharmacology, enabling quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model availability. A …

Drug reabsorption following biliary excretion is well-known as enterohepatic recirculation
(EHR). Renal tubular reabsorption (RTR) following renal excretion is also common but not …

Motivation Model-based approaches to safety and efficacy assessment of pharmacological
drugs, treatment strategies or medical devices (In Silico Clinical Trial, ISCT) aim to decrease …

Background Metformin is a widely prescribed antidiabetic BCS Class III drug (low
permeability) that depends on active transport for its absorption and disposition. It is …

Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT 2, gliflozins) inhibitors are potent orally active
drugs approved for managing type 2 diabetes. SGLT 2 inhibitors exert a glucose-lowering …

Nephrotoxicity is the most common side effect that severely limits the clinical application of
tacrolimus (TAC), an immunosuppressive agent used in kidney transplant patients. This …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the world and in most
developed countries. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) suffer from both …

Alogliptin is a highly selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and primarily excreted as
unchanged drug in the urine, and differences in clinical outcomes in renal impairment …

Sodium‐dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) 2 is specifically expressed in the kidney,
while SGLT1 is present in the kidneys and small intestine. SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of …

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the kidney is a crucial functional segment
responsible for reabsorption, secretion, and the maintenance of electrolyte and water …