The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved
with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near …

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacillus and resident of the normal intestinal
microbiota. However, some E. coli strains can cause diseases in humans, other mammals …

Autophagy refers to the process involving the decomposition of intracellular components via
lysosomes. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining and regulating cell …

Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the
last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in …

IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing two main
clinical entities: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although Crohn's disease and …

The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded
receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component …

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2, the
founding members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense conserved motifs in …

The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms, most of which are
bacteria that have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The collection of …

In humans, the composition of gut commensal bacteria is closely correlated with obesity. The
bacteria modulate metabolites and influence host immunity. In this study, we attempted to …

Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …