Transfer efficiency is the proportion of energy passed between nodes in food webs. It is an
emergent, unitless property that is difficult to measure, and responds dynamically to …

The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances.
These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the …

This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are
transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for …

Climate change is altering habitats for marine fishes and invertebrates, but the net effect of
these changes on potential food production is unknown. We used temperature-dependent …

While the physical dimensions of climate change are now routinely assessed through
multimodel intercomparisons, projected impacts on the global ocean ecosystem generally …

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

Declines in animal body sizes are widely reported and likely impact ecological interactions
and ecosystem services. For harvested species subject to multiple stressors, limited …

During the Pacific marine heatwave of 2014–2016, abundance and quality of several key
forage fish species in the Gulf of Alaska were simultaneously reduced throughout the …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution
determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a …