A growing body of studies shows that the reasons for competing candidates to “go negative”
on their opponents during elections—that is, attacking their opponents instead of promoting …

This article tests the assumption that candidates' attack behavior is a result of their rational
consideration of potential benefits and likely risks. Based on candidate surveys from three …

It has been well established that politicians attack their competitors to reach their political
goals. As such, there is a considerable amount of literature on their attack behaviour …

Voter perceptions of leadership traits impact overall candidate evaluations. Less is however
known about the impact of candidates' personality traits, and especially the “darker” ones …

Social media has become an essential platform in the field of digital political communication.
In the context of accommodating electoral campaigns to digital media and the absence of …

Various research have been directed towards investigating the behaviour of political parties
engaging in attacks. However, this topic has predominantly been studied in campaigning …

In order to explain the behavior of political elites, research increasingly considers
personality traits. Within this line of research, a recent focus is on socially aversive–yet non …

Various studies have been devoted to explaining the conditions under which parties engage
in attack behavior. However, the existing literature has overlooked the issues on which …

Negative campaigning is a worldwide phenomenon. As a strategy for mobilizing support, it
affects the electorate and democracy. However, its effectiveness varies across space and …

Mobile instant messaging services have become a standard tool for political actors in
communicating with citizens, especially during electoral campaigns. Telegram predominates …