In the last century, vaccination has been the most effective medical intervention to reduce
death and morbidity caused by infectious diseases. It is believed that vaccines save at least …

Abstract Safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as third-generation
vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for development of new …

The immunotherapy of cancer has made significant strides in the past few years due to
improved understanding of the underlying principles of tumor biology and immunology …

Vaccines were initially developed on an empirical basis, relying mostly on attenuation or
inactivation of pathogens. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry …

This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of
plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human …

At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine
development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part …

Induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells offers the prospect of immunization against many
infectious diseases, but no subunit vaccine has induced CD8+ T cells that correlate with …

The development and widespread use of vaccines against infectious agents have been a
great triumph of medical science. One reason for the success of currently available vaccines …

Recent developments in the use of viruses as vaccine vectors have been facilitated by a
better understanding of viral biology. Advances occur as we gain greater insight into the …

DNA vaccines were introduced less than a decade ago but have already been applied to a
wide range of infectious and malignant diseases. Here we review the current understanding …