It is well established that stress has a major impact on memory, driven by the concerted
action of various stress mediators on the brain. Recent years, however, have seen …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that fear acquisition and expression rely on
the coordinated activity of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala and that theta …

Stress and pain are interleaved at multiple levels-interacting and influencing each other.
Both are modulated by psychosocial factors including fears, beliefs, and goals, and are …

The multiple-memory-systems framework—that distinct types of memory are supported by
distinct brain systems—has guided learning and memory research for decades. However …

Standard fear extinction relies on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to form a new
memory given the omission of threat. Using fMRI in humans, we investigated whether …

Exposure to acute and chronic stress has significant effects on the basic mechanisms of
associative learning and memory. Stress can both impair and enhance associative learning …

By combining computational, morphological, and functional analyses, this study relates
latent markers of associative threat learning to overt post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Human learning and decision-making are supported by multiple systems operating in
parallel. Recent studies isolating the contributions of reinforcement learning (RL) and …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by altered emotional and behavioral
responding following a traumatic event. In this article, we review the concepts of latent-state …