Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is one of the major signaling enzymes in the process of cell
signal transduction, which catalyzes the transfer of ATP-γ-phosphate to the tyrosine residues …

Cancer heterogeneity is one of the factors that constitute an obstacle towards an efficient
targeting of this multifaceted disease. Molecular information can help in classifying cancer …

Drug resistance is a primary cause of chemotherapeutic failure; however, how this
resistance develops is complex. A comprehensive understanding of chemotherapeutic …

Emerging evidence links the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1)
endocrine axis to cancer development. While this putative correlation is of major …

The proline synthesis is importantly involved in tumor growth under hypoxia, while the
underlying mechanism remains to be further investigated. Here we show that pyrroline-5 …

Insulin (InsR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1R) receptors mediate the metabolic and
growth-promoting actions of insulin and IGF1/IGF2, respectively. Evidence accumulated in …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence is highest in highly developed countries and it is the
seventh most common neoplasm diagnosed. RCC management include nephrectomy and …

FSH promotes maturation of ovarian follicles. One pathway activated by FSH in granulosa
cells (GCs) is phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT. The AKT target FOXO1 is reported to …

The IGF 1R signaling is important in the malignant progression of cancer. However,
overexpression of IGF 1R has not been properly assessed in HCC. Here, we revealed that …

Metformin has been under basic and clinical study as an oncological repurposing
pharmacological agent for several years, stemming from observational studies which …