The mechanistic understanding of protein functions requires insight into the structural and
reaction dynamics. To elucidate these processes, a variety of experimental approaches are …

Phytochromes are ubiquitous photosensor proteins, which control the growth, reproduction
and movement in plants, fungi and bacteria. Phytochromes switch between two …

Abstract The European XFEL (EuXFEL) is a 3.4-km long X-ray source, which produces
femtosecond, ultrabrilliant and spatially coherent X-ray pulses at megahertz (MHz) repetition …

Phytochromes are ubiquitous photoreceptors responsible for sensing light in plants, fungi
and bacteria. Their photoactivation is initiated by the photoisomerization of the embedded …

The orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a two-domain photoactive protein that noncovalently
binds an echinenone (ECN) carotenoid and mediates photoprotection in cyanobacteria. In …

Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors in bacteria to plants, which elicit a variety
of important physiological responses. They display a reversible photocycle between the …

Phytochrome photoreceptors control plant growth, development, and the shade avoidance
response that limits crop yield in high-density agricultural plantings. Cyanobacteriochromes …

Phytochrome proteins regulate many photoresponses of plants and microorganisms. Light
absorption causes isomerization of the biliverdin chromophore, which triggers a series of …

Channelrhodopsin (ChR) is a key protein of the optogenetic toolkit. C1C2, a functional
chimeric protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ChR1 and ChR2, is the only ChR whose …

Green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) are key players in advanced
microscopy schemes such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). Whereas …