Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the
acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the …

The goal of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is to provide the research
community with an up-to-date scientific assessment of tropospheric ozone, from the surface …

An overview of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) is provided,
including a discussion of the challenges encountered during its development and how they …

To mitigate climate warming, many countries have committed to achieve carbon neutrality in
the mid-21st century. Here, we assess the global impacts of changing greenhouse gases …

Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived
halogens in the global atmosphere,–. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have …

Abstract Fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) from US anthropogenic sources is decreasing.
However, previous studies have predicted that PM2. 5 emissions from wildfires will increase …

Accurate representation of global stratospheric aerosols from volcanic and nonvolcanic
sulfur emissions is key to understanding the cooling effects and ozone losses that may be …

Ozone is an important air pollutant at the surface, and the third most important
anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the troposphere. Since 1980, anthropogenic emissions of …

The degradation of air quality, an environmental consequence of anthropogenic activities,
poses a challenge to human health. However, the corresponding control measures incur …

The second version of Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model (CAS‐ESM 2) is
described with emphasis on the development process, strength and weakness, and climate …