▪ Abstract The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of proteins are a set of pleiotropic
secreted signaling molecules with unique and potent immunoregulatory properties. TGF-β1 …

The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue is the largest immune organ in the body and is the
primary route by which we are exposed to antigens. Tolerance induction is the default …

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active
suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T …

The lymphoid tissues associated with the intestine are exposed continuously to antigen and
are the largest part of the immune system. Many lymphocytes are found in organised tissues …

We show that the mouse macrophage-restricted F4/80 protein is not required for the
development and distribution of tissue macrophages but is involved in the generation of …

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immunologic organ in the body. It is constantly
bombarded by a myriad of dietary proteins. Despite the extent of protein exposure, very few …

Orally administered proteins induce systemic hyporesponsiveness to the fed protein. The
mechanism underlying such 'oral tolerance'depends on the amount of antigen fed. with …

Oral tolerance is a long recognized method to induce peripheral immune tolerance. Oral
tolerance has been used successfully to treat animal models of autoimmune diseases and is …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a critical role in negatively regulating T cell
responses and has also been implicated in the development and function of natural FOXP3+ …

The concept of immunologically mediated tolerance to food antigens through exposure to
mucosal antigen has been the subject of continuous scientific debate. After a decline in …