Chitosan is a biodegradable natural polymer with many advantages such as nontoxicity,
biocompatibility, and biodegradability. It can be applied in many fields, especially in …

The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan …

Subunit vaccination benefits from improved safety over attenuated or inactivated vaccines,
but their limited capability to elicit long-lasting, concerted cellular and humoral immune …

Despite many years of research, human DNA vaccines have yet to fulfill their early promise.
Over the past 15 years, multiple generations of DNA vaccines have been developed and …

The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19
pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global …

Neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses plays a critical role in the virus life cycle and is
an important target of the host immune system. Here, we highlight the current understanding …

DNA vaccines offer a flexible and versatile platform to treat innumerable diseases due to the
ease of manipulating vaccine targets simply by altering the gene sequences encoded in the …

Protection against mucosally transmitted infections probably requires immunity at the site of
pathogen entry 1, yet there are no mucosal adjuvant formulations licensed for human use …

Transfection efficiencies and transgene expression kinetics of messenger RNA (mRNA), an
emerging class of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, have been poorly characterized. In this …

DNA vaccines are ideal candidates for global vaccination purposes because they are
inexpensive and easy to manufacture on a large scale such that even people living in low …