The medial septum (MS), as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological
functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition. With often reciprocal connections with …

Relaxin‐3 is a member of a superfamily of structurally‐related peptides that includes relaxin
and insulin‐like peptide hormones. Soon after the discovery of the relaxin‐3 gene, relaxin‐3 …

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Recent technological advances have illuminated the role of GABAergic neurons in control of …

Background The nucleus incertus (NI) was originally described by Streeter in 1903, as a
midline region in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the human brain with an …

The habenula is an epithalamic structure differentiated into two nuclear complexes, medial
(MHb) and lateral habenula (LHb). Recently, MHb together with its primary target, the …

Arousal and vigilance are essential for survival and relevant regulatory neural circuits lie
within the brainstem, hypothalamus and forebrain. The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct site …

The medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DB) is a relay region connecting the hypothalamus
and brainstem with the hippocampus, and both the MS/DB and dorsal/ventral hippocampus …

Telencephalic cognitive and emotional circuits/functions are strongly modulated by
subcortical inputs. The main focus of past research on the nature of this modulation has …

Hippocampus is innervated by γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)“projection” neurons of the
nucleus incertus (NI), including a population expressing the neuropeptide, relaxin‐3 (RLN3) …

It is widely known that the degeneration of neural circuits is prominent in the brains of
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The reciprocal connectivity of the medial septum (MS) …