Breath-hold diving is an activity that humans have engaged in since antiquity to forage for
resources, provide sustenance and to support military campaigns. In modern times, breath …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review provides an up‐to‐date
assessment of the physiology involved with extreme static dry‐land breath holding in trained …

Voluntary asphyxia imposed by static apnea challenges blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity
in humans through transient extremes of hypertension, hypoxemia and hypercapnia. In the …

We examined the extent to which apnoea‐induced extremes of oxygen demand/carbon
dioxide production impact redox regulation of cerebral bioenergetic function. Ten ultra‐elite …

The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) is reduced during apnea that yields
profound hypoxia and hypercapnia. In this study, to dissociate the impact of hypoxia and …

Purpose Research describes the existence of a relationship between cortical activity and the
regulation of bulbar respiratory centers through the evaluation of the …

The mammalian dive reflex, characterized by bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction,
occurs in all mammals, including humans, in response to apnea. However, the dive reflex to …

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does the hyperbaric, hypercapnic,
acidotic, hypoxic stress of apnoea diving lead to greater pulmonary vasoreactivity and …

If, as postulated, the end of the steady state phase (φ2) of cardiovascular responses to
apnoea corresponds to the physiological breaking point, then we may hypothesize that φ2 …

Background: Left ventricular (LV) twist mechanics are augmented with both acute and
chronic hypoxemia. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, sympathetic …