In a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) world, responses by governments
to global shocks will vary in substance and rate of success. We argue that policymakers can …

Why do international actors, including powerful states, often fail to develop clear foreign
policies and instead adopt indecisive,'muddling-through'approaches? This book develops a …

Why do foreign policy decision makers take risk in situations that require prudence? Why do
theyescalate their commit to a failing course of action? This research examines the impact of …

This dissertation investigates the effects of habits of decision‐making—ie the systematic
behavior policymakers automatically engage in when making foreign policy—on foreign …