Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs; ie, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and …

Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are
metabolized to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and …

The field of pharmacogenomics (PGx) is gradually shifting from the reactive testing of single
genes toward the proactive testing of multiple genes to improve treatment outcomes, reduce …

CYP2D6 genotype is increasingly being integrated into practice to guide prescribing of
certain medications. The CYP2D6 drug metabolizing enzyme is susceptible to inhibition by …

Precision medicine (PM) is personalized medicine that can develop targeted medical
therapies for the individual patient, in which “omics” sciences lead to an integration of data …

The evidence for pharmacogenetics has grown rapidly in recent decades. However, the
strength of evidence required for the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics is highly …

Pharmacogenomics, ie, the study of how an individual's genomic profile influences his or her
response to drugs, has emerged as a clinical tool to optimize drug therapy. Certain variants …

Codeine is used to relieve mild to moderately severe pain, and it belongs to the drug class of
opioid analgesics. Codeine has also been prescribed to prevent coughing, though the …

Background PGx is the understanding and extrapolation of variations in the patient's
underlying DNA into therapeutic recommendations or more simply use of a patient's specific …

Abstract Background Pharmacogenomics (PGx) can provide valuable pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic information for the pharmacist's assessment of drug therapy, especially …