Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

The fact that various immune cells, including macrophages, can be found in tumor tissues
has long been known. With the introduction of concept that macrophages differentiate into a …

Although substantial progress has been made in cancer biology and treatment, clinical
outcomes of bladder carcinoma (BC) patients are still not satisfactory. The tumor …

Cancer immunotherapies that engage immune cells to fight against tumors are proving to be
powerful weapons in combating cancer and are becoming increasingly utilized in the clinics …

Paclitaxel is an antineoplastic agent widely used to treat several solid tumor types. The
primary mechanism of action of paclitaxel is based on microtubule stabilization inducing cell …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells and surrounding non-tumor
stromal cells, mainly including tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), endothelial cells …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells characterized by
their immunosuppressive functions. MDSCs expand during chronic and acute inflammatory …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cellular metabolism play an important role as
signaling messengers in immune system. ROS elevated in the tumor microenvironment are …

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important part of tumor microenvironment
(TME) and play a key role in TME, participating in the process of tumor occurrence, growth …

Macrophages, a type of myeloid immune cell, play essential roles in fighting against
pathogenic invasion and activating T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. As a major …