The family Cichlidae contains approximately 2000 species that live in diverse freshwater
habitats including murky lakes, turbid rivers, and clear lakes from both the Old and New …

The visual system of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (L. polyphemus) is
an important preparation for studying the photoresponse, the circadian modulation of the …

Background Zeugodacus cucuribitae is a major agricultural pest that causes significant
damage to varieties of plants. Vision plays a critical role in phototactic behavior of …

Background Opsins are key proteins in animal photoreception. Together with a light-
sensitive group, the chromophore, they form visual pigments which initiate the visual …

Horseshoe crabs are xiphosuran chelicerates, the sister group to arachnids. As such, they
are important for understanding the most recent common ancestor of Euchelicerata and the …

Entrainment of circadian clocks to environmental cues such as photoperiod ensures that
daily biological rhythms stay in synchronization with the Earth's rotation. The vertebrate …

SUMMARY A long-standing concept in vision science has held that a single photoreceptor
expresses a single type of opsin, the protein component of visual pigment. However, the …

Despite ongoing interest into the architecture, biochemistry, and physiology of the visual
systems of the xiphosuran Limulus polyphemus, their ontogenetic aspects have received …

Circadian clocks predictively adjust the physiology of organisms to the day/night cycle. The
retina has its own clock, and many diurnal changes in its physiology have been reported …

Using a behavioral assay based on visually mediated escape responses, we measured long-
wavelength-sensitive red cone (LC) sensitivities in zebrafish. In a 24 h period, the zebrafish …