The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a heterogeneous brain structure that serves a central
role in motivation and reward processing. Abnormalities in the function of VTA dopamine …

We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression
and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro-and …

Prolonged behavioral challenges can cause animals to switch from active to passive coping
strategies to manage effort-expenditure during stress; such normally adaptive behavioral …

Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate
behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such …

The cellular basis of depressive disorders is poorly understood. Recent studies in monkeys
indicate that neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb), a nucleus that mediates communication …

Depression is a devastating disorder with a combination of diverse symptoms such as low
self-esteem, lack of motivation, anhedonia, loss of appetite, low energy, and discomfort …

This is the first controlled study demonstrating the beneficial effects of transcranial laser
stimulation on cognitive and emotional functions in humans. Photobiomodulation with red to …

The habenula is a small, evolutionarily conserved brain structure that plays a central role in
aversive processing and is hypothesised to be hyperactive in depression, contributing to the …

There is a growing awareness that emotion, motivation, and reward values are important
determinants of our behavior. The habenula is uniquely positioned both anatomically and …

Appetitive motivation and incentive states are essential functions sustained by a common
emotional brain process, the SEEKING disposition, which drives explorative and approach …