Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments found in most fruits and vegetables, plants,
algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and must ingest …

There is uncertainty regarding carotenoid intake recommendations, because positive and
negative health effects have been found or are correlated with carotenoid intake and tissue …

The human macula uniquely concentrates three carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-
zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin must be obtained from dietary sources such as green …

Lutein is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence
shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health. In particular, lutein …

The Henle fiber layer (HFL) is comprised of bundles of unmyelinated photoreceptor axons
intermingled with outer Müller cell processes. The photoreceptor axons extend from the cell …

The relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin and visual and cognitive health throughout
the lifespan is compelling. There is a variety of evidence to support a role for lutein and …

The eye is a major sensory organ that requires special care for a healthy and productive
lifestyle. Numerous studies have identified lutein and zeaxanthin to be essential …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blind registration in the
developed world, and yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Oxidative stress …

Based on extensive epidemiological observation, fruits and vegetables that are a rich source
of carotenoids are thought to provide health benefits by decreasing the risk of various …

The predominant carotenoids of the macular pigment are lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-
zeaxanthin. The regular distribution pattern of these carotenoids within the human macula …