Influenza A virus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe
symptoms and has the potential to cause high number of deaths and great economic loss …

Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection.
Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle …

Several effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are currently in use, but effective boosters are
needed to maintain or increase immunity due to waning responses and the emergence of …

Introduction The upper respiratory tract is a major route of infection for COVID-19 and other
respiratory diseases. Thus, it appears logical to exploit the nose as administration site to …

The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines
are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast …

Effective antigen delivery and immune stimulation in nasal mucosa determine the success of
mucosal immunity. Here, an oil-in-ionic liquid (o/IL) nanoemulsion formulated with choline …

Influenza virus and coronavirus, two kinds of pathogens that exist widely in nature, are
common emerging pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections in humans. In December …

Currently, mucosal infectious diseases are still a very high global health burden, but there
are few effective vaccines to prevent mucosal-borne diseases. The development of mucosal …

Mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in controlling upper respiratory infections, including
influenza. We established a quantitative ELISA to measure the amount of influenza virus …

Objective Mucosal immunization was an effective defender against pathogens. Nasal
vaccines could activate both systemic and mucosal immunity to trigger protective immune …