Mating with more than one pollen donor, or polyandry, is common in land plants. In flowering
plants, polyandry occurs when the pollen from different potential sires is distributed among …

Mutualisms (interspecific cooperative interactions) are ubiquitously exploited by organisms
that obtain the benefits mutualists offer, while delivering no benefits in return. The natural …

This book offers a concise but comprehensive introduction to desert ecology and adopts a
strong evolutionary focus. As with other titles in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis …

Yucca moths (Tegeticula and Parategeticula) are specialized pollinators of yucca plants,
possessing unique, tentacle-like mouthparts used to actively collect pollen and deposit it …

Mutualistic interactions are widespread and obligatory for many organisms, yet their
evolutionary persistence in the face of cheating is theoretically puzzling. Nutrient-acquisition …

Most ecological theory suggests that the conditions that would give rise to the evolution of
mutualisms are rare. In contrast, empirical evidence suggests that mutualisms are common …

Although flowering traits are often assumed to be under strong selection by pollinators,
significant variation in such traits remains the norm for most plant species. Thus, it is likely …

Cooperation invites cheating, and nowhere is this more apparent than when different
species cooperate, known as mutualism. In almost all mutualisms studied, specialist …

The high diversity of mutualisms has probably limited the development of a general theory
about their evolution and their stability. Here we review conflicts of interests occurring in the …

Although mutualisms are often viewed as fragile constructs, subject to invasion by “cheaters
“that gain from the mutualism without providing compensating benefits, few studies have …