Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular
bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be …

Since the initial description of apoptosis, a number of different forms of cell death have been
described. In this review we will focus on classic caspase-dependent apoptosis and its …

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common bacterial cytotoxic proteins and are
required for virulence in a large number of important pathogens, including Streptococcus …

Type I Interferons (IFNs) are hallmark cytokines produced in immune responses to all
classes of pathogens. Type I IFNs can influence dendritic cell (DC) activation, maturation …

Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are important for immune responses, particularly to
intracellular pathogens. They are divided into two structurally and functionally distinct types …

Numerous bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide potently induce type I interferons
(IFNs); however, the contribution of this innate response to host defense against bacterial …

Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen responsible for the well-
known listeriosis disease. This bacterium has become a common contaminant of food …

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that induces a cytosolic
signaling cascade resulting in expression of interferon (IFN)-β. Although type I IFNs are …

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming toxin of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family
and a primary virulence factor of the gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria …

Infection with Listeria monocytogenes causes lymphocyte apoptosis that is mediated by the
actions of the pore-forming virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO). Previous work showed that …