Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

The imidazoquinoline compounds imiquimod and R-848 are low-molecular-weight immune
response modifiers that can induce the synthesis of interferon-α and other cytokines in a …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly
located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer …

The type-I interferon (IFN-α/β) response is critical to immunity against viruses and can be
triggered in many cell types by cytosolic detection of viral infection, or in differentiated …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is critical for the recognition of immunostimulatory CpG motifs
but may cooperate with other TLRs. We analyzed TLR1–10 mRNA expression by using …

The interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors was initially found to be
involved in the induction of genes that encode type I interferons. IRFs have now been shown …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are important mediators of antiviral immunity through
their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) on viral infection. This …