The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens,
food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites generated by bacterial fermentation of
dietary fiber (DF) in the hindgut. SCFAs are mainly composed of acetate, propionate and …

Manipulation of the gut microbiota via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown
clinical promise in diseases such as recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) …

Metabolism is one of the strongest drivers of interkingdom interactions—including those
between microorganisms and their multicellular hosts. Traditionally thought to fuel energy …

A growing body of documents shows microbiota produce metabolites such as short-chain
fatty acids (SCFAs) as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence the host and …

The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently
owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host …

Iron is a central micronutrient needed by all living organisms. Competition for iron in the
intestinal tract is essential for the maintenance of indigenous microbial populations and for …

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a remarkably successful treatment
for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection that cannot be cured with antibiotics alone …

An excessive hyperinflammatory response-caused septic shock is a major medical problem
that is associated with pathogenic bacterial infections leading to high mortality rates. The …

The human intestinal microbiome substantially affects human health and resistance to
infections in its dynamic composition and varying release of microbial-derived metabolites …