Shoot architecture is determined by the organization and activities of apical, axillary,
intercalary, secondary, and inflorescence meristems and by the subsequent development of …

This review focuses on the evolution of plant hormone signaling pathways. Like the
chemical nature of the hormones themselves, the signaling pathways are diverse. Therefore …

In plant tissue culture, callus forms from detached explants in response to a high-auxin-to-
low-cytokinin ratio on callus-inducing medium. Callus is a group of pluripotent cells because …

Callus is a reprogrammed cell mass involved in plant regeneration and gene transformation
in crop engineering. Pluripotent callus cells develop into fertile shoots through shoot …

Summary cis-regulatory elements (CREs) encode the genomic blueprints of spatiotemporal
gene expression programs enabling highly specialized cell functions. Using single-cell …

Dynamic cell identities underlie flexible developmental programs. The stomatal lineage in
the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis features asynchronous and indeterminate divisions that can …

In all multicellular organisms, transcriptional networks orchestrate organ development. The
Arabidopsis root, with its simple structure and indeterminate growth, is an ideal model for …

Apical growth in plants initiates upon seed germination, whereas radial growth is primed
only during early ontogenesis in procambium cells and activated later by the vascular …

When plants face an environmental stress such as water deficit, soil salinity, high
temperature, or shade, good communication between above-and belowground organs is …

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are essential for proper development and immunity in
eukaryotes. Plants produce siRNAs with lengths of 21, 22 or 24 nucleotides. The 21-and 24 …