The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encode information in both their primary sequence and their
higher order structure. The independent contributions of factors like codon usage and …

Compartmentalization in cells is central to the spatial and temporal control of biochemistry.
In addition to membrane-bound organelles, membrane-less compartments form partitions in …

Codon usage bias is a universal feature of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and has
been proposed to regulate translation efficiency, accuracy, and protein folding based on the …

Codon usage biases are found in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes, and preferred
codons are more frequently used in highly expressed genes. The effects of codon usage on …

Ribosome profiling has emerged as a technique for measuring translation comprehensively
and quantitatively by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. By …

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are primarily viewed as static contributors to gene expression. By
developing a high-throughput tRNA profiling method, we find that specific tRNAs are …

Ribosomes undergo substantial conformational changes during translation elongation to
accommodate incoming aminoacyl-tRNAs and translocate along the mRNA template. We …

The translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein and the folding of the resulting
protein into an active form are prerequisites for virtually every cellular process and represent …