Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an important inorganic mineral in biological and geological
systems. Traditionally, it is widely used in plastics, papermaking, ink, building materials …

Collagen mineralization is a biological process in many skeletal elements in the animal
kingdom. Examples of these collagen‐based skeletons are the siliceous spicules of glass …

Classical nucleation and crystal growth theories describe how nuclei form, become stable
after reaching a critical size and then enlarge through monomer attachment. More than two …

Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization,
the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk …

All solid materials are created via nucleation. In this evolutionary process, nuclei form in
solution or at interfaces, expand by monomeric growth and oriented attachment, and …

Mineral scaling is one of the primary factors that constrain the performance of membrane
desalination. However, compared to numerous studies on organic and biological fouling …

The self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules in solution is a ubiquitous process in both
natural and synthetic systems. The ability to effectively control the structure and properties of …

Many biomineral crystals form complex non-equilibrium shapes, often via transient
amorphous precursors. Also in vitro crystals can be grown with non-equilibrium …

Inorganic materials have essential roles in society, including in building construction, optical
devices, mechanical engineering and as biomaterials,,–. However, the manufacture of …

A hollow multishell structure (HoMS) is an assembly of multiple shells with voids between
the individual shells. Accessible through nanopores, these voids represent separate …