Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
worldwide, and its treatment remains a big challenge. The pathogenesis of PD may be …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which
affects 6.1 million people worldwide. The neuropathological hallmarks include the loss of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more
than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are
overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and …

Dopaminergic cell loss due to the accumulation of α-syn is a core feature of the
pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Neuroinflammation specifically induced by α-synuclein …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
associated with a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Despite symptomatic therapies, there …

During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to …

The mechanisms underlying the chronicity of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous
system (CNS) are largely unknown. In particular, it is unclear whether tissue-resident …