Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several
decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The …

Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion
and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to …

Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to repair or regenerate defective skeletal
muscle tissue lost by traumatic injury, tumor ablation, or muscular disease. However, two …

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (or GDF8) are closely related
members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily and are often perceived to serve …

Effective targeting of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is hindered by the lack of specific
biomarkers and a poor understanding of the mechanisms by which different populations of …

Skeletal muscle is under inhibitory homeostatic regulation by multiple ligands of the
transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. Follistatin is a secreted protein that …

Follistatin (FST) is a member of the tissue growth factor β family and is a secreted
glycoprotein that antagonizes many members of the family, including activin A, growth …

Background Myostatin antagonists are being developed as therapies for Duchenne
muscular dystrophy due to their strong hypertrophic effects on skeletal muscle. Engineered …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients display distinct phenotypes of cachexia
development, with either adipose tissue loss preceding skeletal muscle wasting or loss of …

Experimental autoimmune epididymo-orchitis (EAEO) is a model of chronic inflammation,
induced by immunisation with testicular antigens, which reproduces the pathology of some …