The aim of this study is to disentangle the effects of introducing an interest-bearing central
bank digital currency (CBDC) for financial stability using a Diamond and Dybvig (1983) …

Research on holding and use of cash involves many aspects, such as reasons for holding
and hoarding cash, transactional demand for cash, cash management, type of spending …

The circulation of cash has increased in many economies over the past decade. To
understand this development we provide evidence from two perspectives. First, we analyze …

The bulk of cash is held for store of value purposes, with such holdings sharply increasing in
times of high economic uncertainty and only a fraction of the population choosing to hoard …

We have recently seen two conflicting trends in the use of cash. The share of e-payments in
retail transactions is steadily increasing, but the same upward trend is true for the share of …

In many industrialized countries, cash usage at points of sale has been decreasing owing to
competition from alternative means of payment such as credit cards. At the same time, cash …

How to cite this paper: Umoru, D., Effiong, SE, Ugbaka, MA, Iyaji, D., Oyegun, G., Ofie, FE,
Eshemogie, K., Tizhe, AN, & Hussaini, R.(2023). Threshold of currency devaluation and oil …

Many central banks are reviewing their environmentally sustainable activities, including the
disposal of end-of-life banknotes, within the scope of green finance policies aimed at …

We present a policy framework for electronic money (e-money) and payments. The
framework poses a set of positive questions related to the areas of responsibility of central …

In order to understand why there is a continuous increase in euro banknote circulation even
though the use of cash for transactions is decreasing in the euro area–a phenomenon …